Snowden effect

The Snowden effect is an increase in public awareness about information privacy and security.

In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, leaked NSA documents that revealed details about the extent to which the NSA used provisions in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and USA PATRIOT Act to obtain electronic data from third parties since the events of September 11, 2001.

In 2013, Snowden, a former CIA employee and NSA contractor, leaked NSA documents that revealed the agency was collecting data from the electronic communications of United States citizens. Other disclosures included information about PRISM, the agency's data collection program, a surveillance metadata collection and XKeyscore, federated search for NSA databases.

Snowden's revelations forced the NSA -- one of the nation's most secretive organizations-- to publicly explain itself. Since that time, there have been perceptible increases in the public's knowledge about the U.S. government's cybersecurity initiatives and awareness of how those initiatives have impacted the privacy of individuals and businesses.

The leaks also raised questions about data sovereignty and how secure a company's data really is if it's stored by a cloud provider based in the United States. In 2014, almost 90% of respondents to a survey commissioned by security consultancy NTT Communications said they were changing their cloud-buying behavior as a result of Snowden's revelations. Just over half said they are carrying out greater due diligence on cloud providers than ever before and more than four fifths responded that they would seek out more training on data protection laws.

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